Math Exercises - Vietlist.US
Simple Statistics Review.
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- Mean : Total of the values divided by the number of data points
- Median: The middle value in the list of numbers. To find the median, the numbers have to be listed in numerical order.
- Range: The difference between the largest and smallest values.
- Error : subtract the theoretical value from your experimental data point.
- Percent error: The absolute value of the error divided by the theoretical value, then multiply by 100.
- Deviation : subtract the mean from the experimental data point
- Percent deviation : divide the deviation by the mean, then multiply by 100.
Mean = | ∑ data points | = | Total | |
number of data points | n |
Median:
Test results: 1, 2, 5, 9, 11 --> Median = 5
Test results: 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 --> Median = (5+6)/2 = 5.5
Range:
Test results: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 --> Range = 10 - 1 = 9
Error = Experimental value - 'true' or theoretical value
Percent Error = | Error | x 100 | |
Theoretical value |
Deviation = Experimental value - Mean
Percent Deviation = | Deviation | x 100 | |
Theoretical value |
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation (σ) is a particularly useful tool in helping to check the spreading of the data. The bell curve is the most common type of the distribution for a variable. One standard deviation, or one sigma, away from the mean in either direction on the horizontal axis accounts for around 68 percent of the data points. Two standard deviations, or two sigmas, away from the mean account for roughly 95 percent of the data points. Three standard deviations account for about 99 percent of the data points.σ = | √ | ∑ d2 | |
n - 1 | |||
The Bell Curve
Calculation using the z-score method:
First calculate the z-score and then look up its corresponding p-value using the standard normal table.
The Standard Normal Table
z | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
0 | 0.5 | 0.50399 | 0.50798 | 0.51197 | 0.51595 | 0.51994 | 0.52392 | 0.5279 | 0.53188 | 0.53586 |
0.1 | 0.53983 | 0.5438 | 0.54776 | 0.55172 | 0.55567 | 0.55962 | 0.56356 | 0.56749 | 0.57142 | 0.57535 |
0.2 | 0.57926 | 0.58317 | 0.58706 | 0.59095 | 0.59483 | 0.59871 | 0.60257 | 0.60642 | 0.61026 | 0.61409 |
0.3 | 0.61791 | 0.62172 | 0.62552 | 0.6293 | 0.63307 | 0.63683 | 0.64058 | 0.64431 | 0.64803 | 0.65173 |
0.4 | 0.65542 | 0.6591 | 0.66276 | 0.6664 | 0.67003 | 0.67364 | 0.67724 | 0.68082 | 0.68439 | 0.68793 |
0.5 | 0.69146 | 0.69497 | 0.69847 | 0.70194 | 0.7054 | 0.70884 | 0.71226 | 0.71566 | 0.71904 | 0.7224 |
0.6 | 0.72575 | 0.72907 | 0.73237 | 0.73565 | 0.73891 | 0.74215 | 0.74537 | 0.74857 | 0.75175 | 0.7549 |
0.7 | 0.75804 | 0.76115 | 0.76424 | 0.7673 | 0.77035 | 0.77337 | 0.77637 | 0.77935 | 0.7823 | 0.78524 |
0.8 | 0.78814 | 0.79103 | 0.79389 | 0.79673 | 0.79955 | 0.80234 | 0.80511 | 0.80785 | 0.81057 | 0.81327 |
0.9 | 0.81594 | 0.81859 | 0.82121 | 0.82381 | 0.82639 | 0.82894 | 0.83147 | 0.83398 | 0.83646 | 0.83891 |
1 | 0.84134 | 0.84375 | 0.84614 | 0.84849 | 0.85083 | 0.85314 | 0.85543 | 0.85769 | 0.85993 | 0.86214 |
1.1 | 0.86433 | 0.8665 | 0.86864 | 0.87076 | 0.87286 | 0.87493 | 0.87698 | 0.879 | 0.881 | 0.88298 |
1.2 | 0.88493 | 0.88686 | 0.88877 | 0.89065 | 0.89251 | 0.89435 | 0.89617 | 0.89796 | 0.89973 | 0.90147 |
1.3 | 0.9032 | 0.9049 | 0.90658 | 0.90824 | 0.90988 | 0.91149 | 0.91308 | 0.91466 | 0.91621 | 0.91774 |
1.4 | 0.91924 | 0.92073 | 0.9222 | 0.92364 | 0.92507 | 0.92647 | 0.92785 | 0.92922 | 0.93056 | 0.93189 |
1.5 | 0.93319 | 0.93448 | 0.93574 | 0.93699 | 0.93822 | 0.93943 | 0.94062 | 0.94179 | 0.94295 | 0.94408 |
1.6 | 0.9452 | 0.9463 | 0.94738 | 0.94845 | 0.9495 | 0.95053 | 0.95154 | 0.95254 | 0.95352 | 0.95449 |
1.7 | 0.95543 | 0.95637 | 0.95728 | 0.95818 | 0.95907 | 0.95994 | 0.9608 | 0.96164 | 0.96246 | 0.96327 |
1.8 | 0.96407 | 0.96485 | 0.96562 | 0.96638 | 0.96712 | 0.96784 | 0.96856 | 0.96926 | 0.96995 | 0.97062 |
1.9 | 0.97128 | 0.97193 | 0.97257 | 0.9732 | 0.97381 | 0.97441 | 0.975 | 0.97558 | 0.97615 | 0.9767 |
2 | 0.97725 | 0.97778 | 0.97831 | 0.97882 | 0.97932 | 0.97982 | 0.9803 | 0.98077 | 0.98124 | 0.98169 |
2.1 | 0.98214 | 0.98257 | 0.983 | 0.98341 | 0.98382 | 0.98422 | 0.98461 | 0.985 | 0.98537 | 0.98574 |
2.2 | 0.9861 | 0.98645 | 0.98679 | 0.98713 | 0.98745 | 0.98778 | 0.98809 | 0.9884 | 0.9887 | 0.98899 |
2.3 | 0.98928 | 0.98956 | 0.98983 | 0.9901 | 0.99036 | 0.99061 | 0.99086 | 0.99111 | 0.99134 | 0.99158 |
2.4 | 0.9918 | 0.99202 | 0.99224 | 0.99245 | 0.99266 | 0.99286 | 0.99305 | 0.99324 | 0.99343 | 0.99361 |
2.5 | 0.99379 | 0.99396 | 0.99413 | 0.9943 | 0.99446 | 0.99461 | 0.99477 | 0.99492 | 0.99506 | 0.9952 |
2.6 | 0.99534 | 0.99547 | 0.9956 | 0.99573 | 0.99585 | 0.99598 | 0.99609 | 0.99621 | 0.99632 | 0.99643 |
2.7 | 0.99653 | 0.99664 | 0.99674 | 0.99683 | 0.99693 | 0.99702 | 0.99711 | 0.9972 | 0.99728 | 0.99736 |
2.8 | 0.99744 | 0.99752 | 0.9976 | 0.99767 | 0.99774 | 0.99781 | 0.99788 | 0.99795 | 0.99801 | 0.99807 |
2.9 | 0.99813 | 0.99819 | 0.99825 | 0.99831 | 0.99836 | 0.99841 | 0.99846 | 0.99851 | 0.99856 | 0.99861 |
3 | 0.99865 | 0.99869 | 0.99874 | 0.99878 | 0.99882 | 0.99886 | 0.99889 | 0.99893 | 0.99896 | 0.999 |
3.1 | 0.99903 | 0.99906 | 0.9991 | 0.99913 | 0.99916 | 0.99918 | 0.99921 | 0.99924 | 0.99926 | 0.99929 |
3.2 | 0.99931 | 0.99934 | 0.99936 | 0.99938 | 0.9994 | 0.99942 | 0.99944 | 0.99946 | 0.99948 | 0.9995 |
3.3 | 0.99952 | 0.99953 | 0.99955 | 0.99957 | 0.99958 | 0.9996 | 0.99961 | 0.99962 | 0.99964 | 0.99965 |
3.4 | 0.99966 | 0.99968 | 0.99969 | 0.9997 | 0.99971 | 0.99972 | 0.99973 | 0.99974 | 0.99975 | 0.99976 |
3.5 | 0.99977 | 0.99978 | 0.99978 | 0.99979 | 0.9998 | 0.99981 | 0.99981 | 0.99982 | 0.99983 | 0.99983 |
3.6 | 0.99984 | 0.99985 | 0.99985 | 0.99986 | 0.99986 | 0.99987 | 0.99987 | 0.99988 | 0.99988 | 0.99989 |
3.7 | 0.99989 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.99991 | 0.99991 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 | 0.99992 |
3.8 | 0.99993 | 0.99993 | 0.99993 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99994 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 |
3.9 | 0.99995 | 0.99995 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99996 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 |
4 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 | 0.99997 | 0.99998 | 0.99998 | 0.99998 | 0.99998 |
Example of calculation using the z-score method:
If the z-score = 1.25. Follow the rows down to 1.2 and then across the columns to 0.05. The P-value is the highlighted box with a value of 0.89435. Values in the table represent area under the standard normal distribution curve to the left of the z-score.
Using the previous example:
Z-score = 1.25, P-value = 0.89435 = 89.435% is graphically represented below.
The area of 89.435% is corresponding to z = 1.25. Remember that the area starts from 0 to the point of 1.25 sigma.
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